Sentinel-3 OLCI
- RESOLUTION
- 300 m
- REVISIT
- <1.4 d
Primary chlorophyll / turbidity / SST engine at <1.4-day revisit (ESA 2024).
Axis 04 · Satellite MRV
Axis 04:
Satellite Monitoring
Axis 04:
Satellite Monitoring
Credit integrity via satellite × AI-fused MRV
Sentinel-3 OLCI (300 m / <1.4 d), Sentinel-2 MSI (10–60 m), PACE OCI (~1 km hyperspectral), and Himawari AHI (0.5–2 km / 10 min) are fused. In-situ IoT buoys and machine learning close data gaps and progressively compress marine CDR MRV uncertainty from today's ±20–50% band (State of CDR 2024).
Sentinel-3 OLCI 300m <1.4 d revisit (ESA)
Sentinel-2 MSI 10–60m 13 bands (ESA)
PACE OCI ~1km Hyperspectral 340–890 nm (Werdell 2019)
MRV target ±20→±10% Pilot → commercial compression target
Four components of Satellite MRV
① Satellite remote sensing
Sentinel-3/2, PACE, Himawari
Sentinel-3 OLCI (300 m / <1.4 d), Sentinel-2 MSI (10–60 m / 5 d), PACE OCI (~1 km / ~2 d / hyperspectral), Himawari AHI (0.5–2 km / 10 min) are fused for near-real-time bloom tracking (ESA; Werdell 2019; Bessho 2016).
01 / 04 ② In-situ sensor network (IoT buoys)
pCO₂ · DO · pH · nutrients · ADCP
10-minute continuous measurements synchronize water-column physics, chemistry, and biology. Buoy data are the validation anchor that tightens satellite retrievals.
02 / 04 ③ AI-fused model (Novelgen ELM)
Process-based × machine learning
Process-based ecosystem models and data-driven models are fused for gap-filling and quantified uncertainty. Marine CDR MRV currently ±20–50% (State of CDR 2024); target ±10-band at commercial scale.
03 / 04 ④ Third-party verification
Puro.earth / Verra and others
As of 2024, Puro.earth and Verra marine-CDR methodologies are in public consultation (Puro.earth 2024). The initiative registers in parallel with multiple voluntary credit certifications and uses ledger linkage to prevent double-counting; target pilot certification by 2027.
04 / 04 Key Metric
±20% → ±10%
MRV Confidence Target · Pilot → commercial · State of CDR 2024 baseline
International Standards
- London Protocol · Annex — compliant with the "bona fide scientific research" provision
- Voluntary credit certifications — Puro.earth / Verra and additional registries
- Puro.earth · Verra · ICVCM — Core Carbon Principles (CCP) aligned
- Verra SD VISta · TNFD — biodiversity and nature-related disclosure
Compress MRV confidence with satellites, buoys & AI
Consolidated view of the four missions, the MRV system flow, and the confidence-interval target.
Compress MRV confidence with satellites, buoys & AI
Multiple missions fused with field sensors and machine learning quantify uncertainty. Marine CDR MRV moves stepwise from today's ±20–50% band (State of CDR 2024) toward ±10%.
Sentinel-2 MSI
- RESOLUTION
- 10–60 m
- REVISIT
- 5 d
13-band high-resolution imagery for detailed coastal chlorophyll and turbidity (ESA 2024).
PACE OCI
- RESOLUTION
- ~1 km
- REVISIT
- ~2 d
Hyperspectral 340–890 nm enables community-composition discrimination (Werdell 2019).
Himawari AHI
- RESOLUTION
- 0.5–2 km
- REVISIT
- 10 min
Near-real-time SST every 10 minutes; ocean color is research-grade (Bessho 2016).
MRV System Flow
01 Satellite products
02 In-situ IoT buoys
03 AI-fused model (Novelgen ELM)
04 Third-party verification
05 Credit issuance
MRV Confidence Target ±20% → ±10% Pilot → commercial · State of CDR 2024 baseline
Primary sources for all numerical, methodological, and regulatory claims. Forward-looking estimates are explicitly marked as 'target'. Currency conversion uses OECD 2024 annual average ≈ 150 JPY/USD.
- [01] · 2024 — Sentinel-3 OLCI User Guide ↗ sentinels.copernicus.eu/web/sentinel/user-guides/sentinel-3-olci 300 m spatial resolution; <1.4-day revisit with two satellites.
- [02] · 2024 — Sentinel-2 MSI Technical Guide ↗ sentinels.copernicus.eu/web/sentinel/user-guides/sentinel-2-msi 10/20/60 m resolution across 13 bands; 5-day revisit.
- [03] · 2019 — The Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 100, 1775–1794 ↗ doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0056.1 PACE OCI hyperspectral 340–890 nm at 5-nm; ~1 km GSD; ~2-day global coverage. Launched Feb 2024.
- [04] · 2016 — An introduction to Himawari-8/9 — Japan's new-generation geostationary meteorological satellites · Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 94, 151–183 ↗ doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2016-009 AHI 0.5–2 km resolution, 10-minute full-disk observations; ocean-color retrieval research-grade.
- [05] · 2024 — The State of Carbon Dioxide Removal — 2nd Edition ↗ www.stateofcdr.org/ Durable CDR clearing $100–300/tCO₂ in 2024; mCDR MRV uncertainty often ±20–50%.
- [06] · 2023 — Identifying the most (cost-)efficient regions for CO₂ removal with iron fertilization in the Southern Ocean · Frontiers in Climate 5, 1075299 ↗ doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2023.1075299
- [07] · 2023 — Core Carbon Principles, Assessment Framework & Assessment Procedure ↗ icvcm.org/core-carbon-principles/ Defines credit integrity; biodiversity treated as co-benefit labelling, not a separable stacked credit.
- [08] · 2024 — Approved & In-development CDR Methodologies ↗ puro.earth/methodologies/ Marine CDR methodologies under public consultation; no final ocean-CDR methodology as of 2024.
Linked to the other three working groups
01 Climate · CDR
Carbon Sequestration
Deep-sea carbon fixation via the Blue Hole mechanism
Open → 02 Water · Resource CirculationWater & Resource Circulation
High-efficiency N / P removal with 40–60% OPEX cut
Open → 03 Fishery · BiodiversityEcosystem & Biodiversity
Ocean ranching × nature credit issuance
Open →